「手機上網」電磁輻射，安全嗎?

台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會記者會新聞稿 2011/3/31


「手機上網」電磁輻射，安全嗎?

99%民眾不知手機SAR值、NCC應要求業者標示SAR值於手機上

「手機上網」電磁輻射，安全嗎? 雖至今危害與否仍無定論，但因世界衛生組織已有長久使用手機腦瘤危害發現(世界衛生組織實況報導第193號)，故今天由台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會理事長陳椒華及田秋堇立法委員共同召開記者會提出警告，呼籲重視「手機上網」電磁輻射的安全問題，呼籲不使用時手機勿繼續上網，以免暴露過多電磁輻射。而且要求NCC應要求業者手機明顯標示SAR值，以提供消費者選購安全手機參考。今天記者會也由經常使用手機上網的何宗勳理事現身說法，示範手機上網可能受到的電磁輻射暴露及可能的危害。

一、手機上網有電磁輻射嗎? 答案: 有

本會檢測各廠牌92支手機，皆測到電磁輻射(表二)，其中最高達30 W/m2，而手機上網的電磁輻射值普遍為 數十 mW/m2。

二、手機上網應離多遠可以較少暴露於電磁輻射? 答案: 30~40公分

根據世界衛生組織實況報導第193號(2010年5月)，手機打開時才傳輸功率。隨著手機傳輸距離不斷加長，功率（以及用戶射頻輻射接觸量）迅速衰減。因此，與身體保持30-40公分距離使用行動電話者，如發送短信、上網或使用“免提”裝置(喇叭或耳機)，射頻場接觸量會大大低於把手機放在耳邊接聽者。

三、常用手機上網有危害嗎? 答案: 可能

根據世界衛生組織實況報導第193號(2010年5月)，國際癌症研究機構協調組織了一項名為INTERPHONE的回顧性病例對照研究，目的是探討成年人使用行動電話是否與頭部、頸部癌症有關聯性。13個參加研究國家的資料匯總分析表明，使用行動電話10年以上者，雖未發現罹患膠質瘤和腦膜瘤的風險增加，但一些跡象顯示在10%行動電話累計時間最長使用者中，顯示罹患膠質瘤的風險增加。除此之外，本會也建議有心臟疾病者，應注意避免長時間利用手機上網或將手機靠近心臟及生殖系統。

四、NCC訂定”安全手機或低SAR值標示”嗎? 答案: 沒有

本會針對手機SAR值標示進行問卷調查，回收有效問卷448份(表一)，其中97%不知道手機之SAR值 (W/Kg) 為電磁波能量吸收比值，德國SAR值低者(小於0.6 W/Kg)可以貼上”藍天使標章”， 99%不知道自己的手機SAR值 (W/Kg)為多少? 99%贊成手機SAR值應標在手機醒目位置，如手機背面電磁蓋上面，購買手機時可參考。本會要求NCC也應比照辦理。

SAR值說明:

SAR(specific absorption rate)值 (W/Kg) 為電磁波能量特定吸收率。國內的手機發射強度標準乃依循美國聯邦通訊委員會(Federal Communications Commission, FCC)所訂的特定吸收率SAR值，為1.6 W/kg。德國藍天使標章規範SAR值為0.6 W/kg。2007年出版之電磁波Bioinitiative報告，學者建議SAR值應降為 0.1 W/kg。目前經濟部標準檢驗局並未要求廠商手機需標示SAR值，至今也無經驗可評估SAR值(1.6 W/kg)標準是否適合防護可能的健康風險。

新聞聯絡人: 台灣電磁輻射公害防治協會

台北辦公室 02-23658916連小姐0926476389

台南辦公室:林小姐06-3363763 張小姐0937888403

歡迎民眾撥打04-6421591詢問‧檳免費上網熱線啟動

北馬 2011-03-19 11:22


黃泉安所指處為檳城免費無線網絡介入器，只要關閉建築物電源，它便停止操作。（圖：星洲日報）

（檳城18日訊）檳州政府推出檳城無線網絡投訴熱線電話04-6421591，以便負責的REDtone通訊公司可以協助解決人們無法上網的問題。

檳城免費無線網絡幕後推手國會議員黃泉安昨日（18日）在新聞發佈會上說，有關熱線電話將取得“公民監督”，和回饋用戶經驗的功能。

上網若遇障礙
須提供詳細資料

人們尋求檳城無線上網服務面對障礙進行投訴，必須提供發生障礙的地點、時段、大致情況等資料。

他說，有時問題可能出在用戶所在的地點並非檳城無線上網熱點據點，或遠離據點，見到的是流浪無線訊號（Stray Wireless Signals），無法接通。

他說，有時用戶身在熱點據點，可是涉及的無線上網介入器所在的建築物電源關閉，由於沒有電源而停止服務。
他說，有時問題出在用戶使用的是舊式手提電腦，或舊式手機，追不上它的要求，有時問題出在新的操作版本無法和它相容，如智慧式手機或電腦的FLASH版本不受支撐。

每隔15分鐘會自動斷線

他說，檳城免費無線網絡也有自動斷線的設立，每隔15分鐘便中斷，必須重新登錄，世界上的許多大城市免費無線網絡都有這種自動設定。他說，人們必須登記成為檳城免費無線網絡的註冊用戶，才能享有服務。人們也可以上http://www.pdctelco.com.my或http://www.redtone.com查詢。

針對胡棟強投訴不能免費上網
吉寧萬山無網絡介入器

針對檳州民青團團長胡棟強在報章上投訴，在吉寧萬山附近的新街無法通過檳城免費無線網絡上網，黃泉安說，當地不是熱線據點，沒有任何免費無線網絡介入器。

星洲日報／大北馬‧2011.03.18

WORLD HEALTH Urgently Needs lower EMF Standards

PRESS RELEASE of the International EMF Alliance, 3 Feb 2011

New International EMF Alliance Announces far-reaching Acientific Consensus Statement, Published Today:
WORLD HEALTH Urgently Needs lower EMF Standards

Oslo, Norway, February 3, 2011. The International EMF Alliance (IEMFA) today announces a new published report and scientific Consensus Statement concerning health hazards of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Led by Olle Johansson, PhD of the Karolinska Institute, the report published by a consortium of international scientists urges global governments to adopt significantly lower human exposure standards for electromagnetic fields. The recommendations are based on the latest body of evidence in biological sciences, and the public-health implications of the unprecedented global exposures to electromagnetic fields from telecommunications and electric power technologies. The scientists recommend specific exposure limits for different frequency fields, including microwaves, used in wireless communications, and ELF electric fields and magnetic fields.

According to the international scientists, called the Seletun Scientific Panel, it has become obvious that new, biologically-based public exposure standards are urgently needed to protect long-term public health worldwide. Current public-safety EMF-exposure guidelines used world wide, based on physics models and calculations, currently only protect for damage generated by a heating effect. With respect to prolonged, low-intensity exposures that nowadays frequently occur, but do not have a heating effect, the guidelines, say the scientists, are inadequate and obsolete.

An 18 minutes video of Olle Johansson, PhD of the Karolinska Institute, Chair of IEMFA’s Seletun Scientific Panel that issued the report is available here: http://vimeo.com/18018440

The report and consensus statement, published in the journal Reviews on Environmental Health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268443 include ten Key Points:

1. The global Populations are insufficiently protected, thus currently at Risk;

2. Sensitive Populations are extra vulnerable;

3. Government Actions are urgently warranted now, based on Evidence of serious Disruption to Biological Systems;

4. The Burden of Proof for the Safety of radiation-emitting Technologies should fall on Producers and Providers, not Consumers;

5. EMF Exposures should be reduced in advance of complete Understanding of Mechanisms of Action;

6. The current operative measure of Radiation Risk - the specific absorption rate (SAR) - is inadequate, and misguides on Safety and Health Risks;

7. An international Disease Registry is needed to track Time Trends of the incidence of Illnesses to correlate the Illnesses with Exposures;

8. Pre-market health Testing and Safety Demonstration is needed for all radiation-emitting Technologies;

9. Parity is needed for occupational Exposure Standards, compared to those for the General Public;

10. Persons with Electrohypersensitivity need the classification Functionally Impaired.

The International EMF Alliance has rapidly grown in 2010 into a global collaboration of over fifty health advocacy groups focused on electromagnetic fields (www.iemfa.org). Its principle aim is to disseminate coherent, health-oriented information and advice to the public worldwide on the ever-expanding body of knowledge on biological disruptions observed in living tissues after acute and long-term exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. The Alliance benefits from the support of a large number of life scientists and medical experts from fifteen countries who collaborate worldwide to address emerging threats to public health.

For more information:

Alex Swinkels, Spokesperson and Board member IEMFA, info@iemfa.org (Netherlands)
Brian Stein, Board Member IEMFA, brian.stein@SamworthBrothers.co.uk (United Kingdom)
Camilla Rees, Board Member IEMFA, crgr@aol.com (United States)
Don Maisch, PhD, Board Member IEMFA, dmaisch@emfacts.com (Australia)
Daniel Oberhausen, Board Member IEMFA, danobe68@aol.fr (France)
Eileen O'Connor, Board Member IEMFA, eileen@radiationresearch.org (United Kingdom)
Sissel Halmoy, Chairwoman IEMFA, sissel@stralevern.no (Norway)

Links:

Read the summary on PubMed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21268443
To read the full recommendations of IEMFA's Scientific Seletun Panel, please go to: http://iemfa.org/index.php/publications/seletun-resolution

黃泉安：為民聯加分 無線上網非檳負資產

北馬 2011-01-19 18:36

黃泉安：我和檳州免費上網計劃不會拖累檳州民聯。

（檳城19日訊）檳州政府電訊基設特別工作隊主席黃泉安指出，他本身將以“績效”來證明，他大力推動的“檳州免費無線上網”計劃不會拖累檳州民聯，反而會讓檳州變成一個高速上網的州屬，以配合檳首長林冠英有意把檳城打造為國際城市的步伐。

根據一份中文免費週報的報導，指黃泉安推動的免費無線上網計劃已經“觸礁”，這將會拖累檳州民聯的事項，黃泉安極力否認，他強調，他絕對不是檳州政府的負資產，而且該項免費上網計劃也不會拖累民聯。

“我和檳州免費上網計劃會不會拖累民聯，還是為民聯加分，到了大選，他們就會知道。”

擬引進4G技術

他說，他個人不想針對這個沒有根據的指責做出回應，但將會以行動證明，他推動的這項計劃，將會讓人民受惠，這包括準備在29個民聯中選的州選區中，增加免費上網的熱點。

他指出，目前他準備大力推動兩項計劃，以讓檳城成為一個高速上網的城市，第一，就是將在今年內再增設750個免費上網熱點，把熱點增加至1500個，覆蓋範圍延伸到郊區。

他披露，這全新的750個熱點，將會專注在人口密集的地區，尤其是在民聯中選的州選區安裝，此外，也將會延伸到郊區，讓更多人民受惠。

他披露，第二，他將會協助州政府，引進需付費的高速4G無線上網技術，目前楊忠禮集團屬下的YES公司，有意引進這方面技術。

光明日報

If WiFi harms trees, what about children?

November 24, 2010.

The debate about WiFi being used in schools continues to escalate as new research from the Netherlands shows that when ash trees are exposed to radiation emitted by WiFi base station antennas, the leaves discolor and gradually die.

The study reported that 70% of all trees in urban areas (but not those in dense forests) show the symptoms, compared to 10% five years ago. Although this is a preliminary study, which has not yet been published, it should be taken seriously.
Wageningen University was commissioned by the municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn to determine if electromagnetic radiation from cell phone towers or WiFi masts could play a role in the deteriorating health of the city’s ash trees.



For the experiment, six WiFi access points where erected at various distances from the trees that were continuously exposed for more than three months. The frequency was 2.4 GHz (WiFi) with a power output of 100 mW EIRP, which is the maximum power allowed for use by portable laptop computers. Leaves that were two feet from the WiFI access point developed a metallic luster appearance, a discoloration of the leaves that appeared to result in the disappearance of the outer cell layer of the leaves. The metallic luster was then followed by desiccation and death of a portion of the leaf.

If three months of exposure to WiFi microwaves adversely affects the leaves of trees what is it doing to the growing bodies of children who sit for hours each day in school two feet away from a WiFi enabled laptop computer or a ceiling mounted WiFi access point?

Recent studies show low level Radio Frequency (RF) harm Aspen trees

Aspen decline has been reported in North America over the past half century and rapid mortality of aspen clones has been observed in Colorado since 2004 and has become a major concern for environmentalists, scientists, and foresters.

In one experiment, published February 2010 in The International Journal of Forestry Research, scientists constructed mock-shielded cages and faraday-shielded cages in the forest just outside of Lyons, Colorado. The mock cage shielded aspen seedlings only from direct light – while the faraday cage shielded seedlings from all forms of radio frequency radiation originating from the town of Lyons in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 3 GHz. This includes radio broadcast signals as well as cell phone and WiFi signals.

The researchers discovered that the tree seedlings growing inside the radio frequency-shielded cages were much larger and healthier than those in both the mock-shielded cages and in the unshielded controls.

The authors report that the background levels of radio frequency radiation may be adversely affecting leaf and shoot growth and inhibiting fall production of anthocyanins (these are the pigments associated with leaf senescence in trembling aspen seedlings). These results suggest that exposure to the RF radiation generated by our wireless technology may be an underlying factor in the recent rapid decline of aspen populations.



In the figure above, mock-shielded seedlings on the left and RF-shielded seedlings on the right, the latter showing more total leaf area, stronger fall leaf coloration, and minimal leaf necrosis.



WiFi Smart Meters for “Do It Yourself” home studies

If the electrical utility has recently installed a new wireless Smart Meter on the side of your house, you might be able to do your own plant experiments using simple before and after photography.

Green euonymous plant that shows the progression of vegetative decay around a wireless smart meter. Before the smart meter was installed, vibrant green healthy foliage completely surrounded the meter and a robin nested above the meter. Now, the leaves closest to the meter are damaged and the robin is gone.



http://www.magdahavas.com/2010/11/23/if-wifi-harms-trees-what-about-children/

WiFi 辐射让树木受损,树叶枯死 恐也危害健康

WiFi无线网络越来越普遍，但荷兰研究发现，一些近WiFi网络生长的树木受损、树叶枯死，令WiFi辐射可能有损人体健康亮起警号。

荷兰莱茵河畔阿尔芬市政府，5年前发现当地很多树木树皮和树叶枯萎，于是委托荷兰瓦格宁根大学研究。

研究员疑树木坏死跟辐射有关，因此将20棵白蜡树暴露在距离6种不同来源辐射51公分的位置3个月，结果发现最近WiFi辐射的树，叶子上下两层表皮都枯死，且有70%在城市生长的树都如此。

香港WiFi城市的隐忧

　
加拿大安大略省湖岸大學去年一月全面禁用Wi-Fi。該校傳訊處處長Eleanor S. Abaya回覆本刊指，由於有學生及教師反對使用Wi-Fi，校方遂在教學大樓內的智能課室及機械實驗室加裝寬頻線，鼓勵他們改用有線網絡。校長Fred Gilbert認為，有很多文獻指電磁波可能導致血癌及腦瘤，不希望學生及教師的健康受威脅。

　　英國《星期日獨立報》早前報道，一名教師在學校安裝Wi-Fi後出現頭疼及噁心，懷疑患輻射敏感，校方於是拆除部分發射器。英國教協及獨立組織衛生防護局促請教育大臣調查Wi-Fi會否影響學童健康。

　　英國去年十一月有至少三間學校，拆除Wi-Fi改用有線網絡，認為小童腦殼較薄，神經系統仍在發展，容易被電磁波傷害。各國至今沒有研究針對Wi-Fi對健康所造成的影響。世界衛生組織估計，全球每一百人中有三個對電磁輻射敏感。

台Wi-Fi超標最多350倍

　　在台灣，環保聯盟一月到台大圖書館，測試Wi-Fi無線網絡強度，錄得每平方米三百五十微瓦電磁波。當地環保署、通訊傳播委員會及台大進行同樣測試，每平方米最高達三百三十微瓦，最低為九微瓦。

　　全球對Wi-Fi電磁波仍未有統一安全標準。奧地利訂定的室內安全值是每平方米一微瓦，德國則規定每平方米住宅不可超過五微瓦。台灣的測試結果超出這些標準約二至三百五十倍。

　　聯盟發起「向電磁波說No!」的行動，呼籲市民遠離發射器，又促請所有學校在發射器上貼出告示，提醒學生不宜停留過久。台灣嘉南藥理科技大學副教授陳椒華向本刊記者解釋，長期使用Wi-Fi可能導致頭疼、記憶力衰退、胸悶及脫髮，甚至引發癌症、白血病及孕婦流產，影響中樞神經及生殖系統，市民不應將胸部及腹部靠近電腦，孕婦及小童更不宜使用。

10,000微瓦升1度　影響微
　　香港中文大學社區及家庭醫學系教授余德新表示，Wi-Fi電磁波屬於射頻，對人體產生熱效應：「就像微波爐的微波，過量接觸會增加患白內障的風險，但強度達一萬微瓦，身體組織才會升高一度。」他認為，台灣的測試結果距離最低風險起碼少三十倍，目前仍未有研究證實電磁波會致癌、影響免疫力及神經系統。

　　電訊管理局助理總監陳子儀接受本刊專訪時解釋，本港的Wi-Fi上網熱點平均分布各區，相信電磁波不會太強：「例如發射器會裝置在燈柱較高的位置，離行人起碼十米，危險性不大。」

　　互聯網供應商協會主席莫兆華也指：「除非頭部貼近發射器，否則Wi-Fi的影響遠比手提電話低。」

　　電訊局目前採用國際非電離輻射防護委員會(ICNIRP)，以及美國國家標準學會與電機及電子工程師學會(ANSI/IEEE)的安全標準，監管手提電話發出的電磁波。兩者分別建議人體每公斤最多吸收兩瓦及一點六瓦輻射。

　　工商及科技局發言人回覆本刊表示，會根據ICNIRP守則作指標，在標書中列明承辦商需遵守有關守則。

　　政府年底將會外判公共設施，讓供應商安裝Wi-Fi服務。兩年內，無論室內室外，市民都可使用無線上網。要在燈柱下邊看電郵、邊等朋友，用電子手帳在維園寫網誌，或在登機前到網上聊天室跟朋友道別，都不成問題。

　　目前本港的Wi-Fi市場，由約三十間網絡供應商自行營運。工商及科技局數字顯示，截至二月全港有一千零七十一個熱點，主要在中環、銅鑼灣及油尖旺。市民只要帶同手提電腦或電話，到咖啡室或商場等上網熱點，便可使用收費的Wi-Fi服務。

　　不過，國際機構JiWire的統計顯示，香港的熱點數目在全球排名中十甲不入，輸給台北、首爾和新加坡等。電訊局助理總監陳子儀承認，去年十二月本港舉辦世界電信展期間，Wi-Fi覆蓋面不足，認為「香港要加把勁追上其他城市」。

　　政府為使Wi-Fi達至全城覆蓋，首次在今年預算案撥款在公園、博物館及圖書館等公共場地，提供免費Wi-Fi，又出租市面街燈、路標及天橋予供應商，雙管齊下增設熱點。

街燈遍港九新界

　　政府先開放各區燈柱、橋躉、路標、隧道及交通燈，讓供應商以每年象徵式一元租金安裝Wi-Fi發射器。陳子儀表示，在街燈安裝熱點有助建立全城覆蓋：「港九新界及離島都有燈柱，覆蓋面夠大，又可以供電給發射器。」他估計，要約兩萬個熱點才可覆蓋全港。

　　局方目前收到五宗查詢，其中電訊盈科及香港寬頻兩間供應商已獲發牌，另一宗申請仍在審批。

　　兩大供應商電盈及香港寬頻都對Wi-Fi市場虎視眈眈。前者將在便利店、地鐵、酒店及九間大專院校增設熱點，總數由目前一千三百個加至三千個。後者則投資五千萬元，在酒吧、卡拉OK及部分屋苑電梯大堂，提供Wi-Fi服務。

　　另外，陳子儀指，每個熱點可覆蓋五十至一百米範圍，當局會確保設施不被壟斷：「無須全條街都租給一個人，隔幾支燈裝一個都可覆蓋到。」

業界為主　政府為輔
　　今年預算案其中一項「派錢」措施是撥款二億三千萬元，在三百五十個公共場地提供免費Wi-Fi服務，包括公共圖書館、博物館、文化中心、運動場、大型公園、社區會堂、民政事務總署服務中心，以及部分人流較多的政府部門，如運輸署牌照事務處、入境處人事登記處等。

　　網絡供應商為用戶提供收費Wi-Fi服務，政府卻又計劃提供公共免費Wi-Fi。數碼通總裁黎大鈞曾批評「政府以公帑補貼全世界」，有可能迫使供應商同樣提供免費Wi-Fi服務。

　　但互聯網供應商協會主席莫兆華認為，政府與業界各有空間：「政府只是畫龍點睛，不會覆蓋全港，業界仍可投資私人地方。」他指市場競爭激烈，相信供應商提供的上網速度，會比政府場地快，而業界長遠會靠其他增值服務，經營收費Wi-Fi服務。

　　陳子儀解釋，政府場地未必得到業界垂青：「供應商未必有興趣走入一些偏遠地區，如元朗民政署、坪洲鄉公所等，但政府不可忽略市民的需要。」

官商唱好　用量成疑
　　副政府資訊科技總監麥鴻崧在立法會一個委員會上指，新熱點可以方便市民學習及娛樂，同時有助商人進行電子貿易活動，提升本港形象。

　　不過麥鴻崧強調，此非純粹讓市民上網消遣，相信加裝熱點後會有人上網打機消磨時間。當局會加設過濾及保安軟件，阻止市民進入色情網站，又計劃將服務時間與辦公時間掛勾，例如圖書館晚上關門會同時中斷無線上網。

　　政府與業界紛紛唱好，但有學者質疑市場需求不大。大學聯合電腦中心主任吳南認為，現時Wi-Fi未能打入年青學生市場。港大在三月統計校內Wi-Fi使用率，發現只有一成二學生曾使用過。吳南解釋，校園有足夠電腦設備連接有線網絡，Wi-Fi未算吸引。

　　無線科技商會主席趙志洋也擔心，即使政府大力推動，市民的使用量也未必會高：「如果只有科技，沒有內容，就沒有人用。」他建議供應商為客戶提供多元化服務，如新聞、音樂、電子商貿等服務，以內容留住客戶。「市場個餅非常大，公家私家沒有重疊，但要突圍，就要內容吸引。」

　　 當局五月中會向立法會財委會申請撥款，然後招標，挑選外判商安裝及營運，十一月展開首批工程，預計最快明年六月完成。資訊科技界議員單仲偕認為，政府應先在人流多的地點安裝熱點，並定期評估用量：「裝太多但沒人用，審計署之後又會算賬。」

Wi-Fi Makes Trees Sick, Study Says

Wi-Fi Makes Trees Sick, Study Says

City trees are becoming sick from wireless radiation from local area networks and mobile phones, according to a European study.

By René Schoemaker , IDG News Nov 20, 2010 5:09 am

Radiation from Wi-Fi networks is harmful to trees, causing significant variations in growth, as well as bleeding and fissures in the bark, according to a recent study in the Netherlands.Radiation from Wi-Fi networks is harmful to trees, causing significant variations in growth, as well as bleeding and fissures in the bark, according to a recent study in the Netherlands.

All deciduous trees in the Western world are affected, according to the study by Wageningen University. The city of Alphen aan den Rijn ordered the study five years ago after officials found unexplained abnormalities on trees that couldn't be ascribed to a virus or bacterial infection.

Additional testing found the disease to occur throughout the Western world. In the Netherlands, about 70 percent of all trees in urban areas show the same symptoms, compared with only 10 percent five years ago. Trees in densely forested areas are hardly affected.

Besides the electromagnetic fields created by mobile-phone networks and wireless LANs, ultrafine particles emitted by cars and trucks may also be to blame. These particles are so small they are able to enter the organisms.

The study exposed 20 ash trees to various radiation sources for a period of three months. Trees placed closest to the Wi-Fi radio demonstrated a "lead-like shine" on their leaves that was caused by the dying of the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves. This would eventually result in the death of parts of the leaves. The study also found that Wi-Fi radiation could inhibit the growth of corn cobs.

The researchers urged that further studies were needed to confirm the current results and determine long-term effects of wireless radiation on trees.